Moscow

Moscow was the capital city of Russia and the home of the Tsars until 1712, when the recently built St Petersburg was elected capital by Peter the Great. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Moscow again became capital of the newly named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Famously Moscow has survived two strong winter military advances - made firstly by Napoleon, and then, 150 years later, by Hitler.

Red Square is the highlight of any trip to Moscow, not surprisingly, since it is absolutely magnificent. It is the location of many state ceremonies and processions. The square and St Basil's cathedral, with it's colourful array of onion domes, were built in the early to mid 16th century. The other buildings on the square were built much later: the History Museum, and the State Department Store (on the site of a popular market with bustling stalls) date from the end of the 19th century. Lenin's Mausoleum was built in the 1930s.

The neighbouring Kremlin (roughly translates to 'fortress') contains a multitude of Royal Palaces and beautiful golden-dome churches. Part of the Kremlin which is well worth a visit is the fascinating State Armoury Museum, which houses a priceless collection of Faberge eggs. The Kremlin is now the official residence of the President.

Moscow hides one of its greatest wonders below your feet. Stalin believed that public 'palaces of the people' were a priority to proper residential housing. So was conceived the magnificent metro; every station was designed by a different Soviet architect, each trying to outdo the other for splendor. The results are spectacular. You'll find soaring arches, magnificent halls, graceful columns all finished in fine marbles, murals, and mosaics. Much of the marble used in the metro was re-appropriated from churches demolished by the Soviet government.

Also recommended - the short climb to the top of Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) to marvel at Moscow State University. The building is one of Stalin's 'seven sisters', seven imposing skyscapers built in the early 1950s. The hill also offers a wonderful vantage point over the whole city.